People were enjoying a pint of craft beer 3,500 years ago in what is modern day Iraq, reveals new research.
Archaeologists from the University of Glasgow have discovered barley beer in Bronze Age Mesopotamian drinking vessels.
Their findings, published in The Journal of Archaeological Science, show that Mesopotamia’s Late Bronze Age inhabitants enjoyed drinking barley beer – not unlike today’s popular craft brews – from a variety of drinking vessels.
Chemical compounds indicative of a barley-based fermented drink were discovered in numerous pottery vessels at the Bronze Age Site of Khani Masi, located in the Upper Diyala River valley of north-eastern Iraq.
An international team led by Glasgow University’s Dr Claudia Glatz and Professor Jesse Casana, of Dartmouth College in the United States, has been carrying out large-scale excavations at Khani Masi since 2016.
The researchers said that beer was both a staple of the Mesopotamian diet and an important component of rituals and feasting – and has been studied mainly through cuneiform sources and iconography.
Traditionally, scholars have assumed that beer in Mesopotamia was consumed communally from large jars using long, bendy straws.
But Dr Glatz said: “Our analytical results also allow us, for the first time and with confidence, to ascribe a diverse range of drinking equipment to the consumption of beers and in so doing track a significant transformation in Mesopotamian drinking practices.”
The new research shows that by 1400BC beer drinking had become an individual experience, using drinking cups and goblets ranging in size from a modern-day equivalent of a small glass of wine up to just over a pint glass of beer.
For the study, the Glasgow academics developed a new analytical method that has allowed them for the first time to chemically identify beer in drinking vessels.
Dr Jaime Toney, a Senior Lecturer in Organic Geochemistry, said: “Using gas chromatography we were able to detect and measure a suite of co-occurring fossil compounds that are diagnostic of beer.
“We show that this suite of fossil compounds match those found in modern barley beer – identifying for the first time an important method for revealing the presence of beer, even when there is no visible evidence such as beerstone.”
Beerstone is a white crystalline substance that forms on the inner surface of fermentation and storage vats used in beer brewing.
The academics have now laid out a protocol for field-based sampling of vessels for archaeologists.
Elsa Perruchini, the University of Glasgow’s Lord Kelvin Adam Smith Scholarship funded PhD student on the project, condcuted the chemical analysis and devised the new sampling method.
She said: “Our novel, multi-stage methodology, provides an easy-to-implement field-sampling and analytical approach that significantly enhances the reliably of organic residue analysis results in archaeology.
“Simply put, with our new on-site sampling strategy, we avoid sample contamination from things like human skin oils or modern products such as sunscreen by using cotton gloves and sterilised tweezers to handle sample vessels, which are then immediately wrapped in sterilised aluminium foil.
“The use of control samples as well as comparison with modern day food items is also crucial in our methodology.”
The idea to include modern beer samples in the analysis was developed as part of a unique course, called Feasting Like the Ancients, which is co-taught by Dr Glatz and Dr Toney at Glasgow and combines anthropological approaches to feasting with experimental archaeology and analytical methods derived from organic chemistry.
Dr Glatz, a Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, added: “Our results present a significant advance in the study of ancient Near Eastern beer brewing and consumption practices.
“They also provide us with unprecedented new insights into Mesopotamia’s cultural relationships with the Upper Diyala River valley, a strategic communication corridor between Mesopotamia and the Zagros mountains that formed part of the later Silk Roads and that we have only recently begun to explore systematically.”
