Petals produce a ‘blue halo’ that helps bees find flowers, reveals a new study.
Researchers found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
The nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle effect that scientists have labelled the ‘blue halo’.
By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated ‘blue halos’, scientists were able to test the effect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
While the ridges and grooves on a petal surface line up next to each other “like a packet of dry spaghetti”, when analysing different flower species the researchers found they vary greatly in height, width and spacing – yet all produce a similar ‘blue halo’ effect.
Even on a single petal the light-manipulating structures were found to be “surprisingly irregular” – a phenomenon physicists describe as ‘disorder’.
The researchers conclude that the “messy” petal nanostructures likely evolved independently many times across flowering plant species, but reached the same luminous outcome that increases visibility to pollinators – an example of what’s known as ‘convergent evolution’.
The study, published in the journal Nature, was conducted by scientists from Cambridge Uiversity along with colleagues from the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Adolphe Merkele Institute in Switzerland.
Senior author Prof Beverley Glover, plant scientist and director of Cambridge’s Botanic Garden, said: “We had always assumed that the disorder we saw in our petal surfaces was just an accidental by-product of life – that flowers couldn’t do any better.
“It came as a real surprise to discover that the disorder itself is what generates the important optical signal that allows bees to find the flowers more effectively.
“As a biologist, I sometimes find myself apologising to physicist colleagues for the disorder in living organisms – how generally messy their development and body structures can seem.
“However, the disorder we see in petal nanostructures appears to have been harnessed by evolution and ends up aiding floral communication with bees.”
All flowering plants belong to the ‘angiosperm’ lineage. Researchers analysed some of the earliest diverging plants from this group, and found no halo-producing petal ridges.
But they found several examples of halo-producing petals among the two major flower groups – monocots and eudicots – that emerged during the Cretaceous period more than 100 million years ago – coinciding with the early evolution of flower-visiting insects, in particular nectar-sucking bees.
Prof Glover said: “Our findings suggest the petal ridges that produce ‘blue halos’ evolved many times across different flower lineages, all converging on this optical signal for pollinators.”
Species which the team found to have halo-producing petals included Oenothera stricta – a type of Evening Primrose, Ursinia speciosa – a member of the Daisy family, and Hibiscus trionum, known as ‘Flower-of-the-hour’.
All the analysed flowers revealed significant levels of apparent ‘disorder’ in the dimensions and spacing of their petal nanostructures.
Dr Silvia Vignolini, of Cambridge’s Department of Chemistry, said: “The huge variety of petal anatomies, combined with the disordered nanostructures, would suggest that different flowers should have different optical properties.
“However, we observed that all these petal structures produce a similar visual effect in the blue-to-ultraviolet wavelength region of the spectrum – the blue halo.”
Previous studies have shown that many species of bee have an innate preference for colours in the violet-blue range. However, plants do not always have the means to produce blue pigments.
Dr Vignolini said: “Many flowers lack the genetic and biochemical capability to manipulate pigment chemistry in the blue to ultraviolet spectrum.
“The presence of these disordered photonic structures on their petals provides an alternative way to produce signals that attract insects.”
The researchers artificially recreated ‘blue halo’ nanostructures and used them as surfaces for artificial flowers. In a “flight arena” in a Cambridge lab, they tested how bumblebees responded to surfaces with and without halos.
Their experiments showed that bees can perceive the difference, finding the surfaces with halos quicker – even when both types of surfaces were coloured with the same black or yellow pigment.
Using rewarding sugar solution in one type of artificial flower, and bitter quinine solution in the other, the scientists found that bees could use the blue halo to learn which type of surface had the reward.
Study lead author Dr Edwige Moyroud, of Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences, said: “Insect visual systems are different to human ones.
“Unlike us, bees have enhanced photoreceptor activity in the blue-UV parts of the spectrum.
“Humans can identify some blue halos – those emanating from darkly pigmented flowers. For example the ‘black’ tulip cultivar, known as ‘Queen of the night’.
“However, we can’t distinguish between a yellow flower with a blue halo and one without – but our study found that bumblebees can.”
She said the findings could lead to the development of surfaces that are highly visible to pollinators, as well as exploring just how living plants control the levels of disorder on their petal surfaces.
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